Глава 23. Создание рынка

Глава 23. Создание рынка

1. Michael Sandel, “It’s Immoral to Buy the Right to Pollute,” op-ed, New York Times, December 17, 1997; interview with Fred Krupp.

2. Ronald Coase autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site (“underrate your abilities”).

3. Ronald Coase, “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 3, (1960), pp. 1–44 (“externalities”).

4. John H. Dales, Pollution, Property & Prices: An Essay in Policy-making and Economics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), ch. 6; David Montgomery, “Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs,” Journal of Economic Theory 5, no. 3 (1972), pp. 395–418.

5. Richard Nixon, “Message to the Congress,” August 10, 1970 (“war on pollution”); Robert W. Hahn, “Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor’s Orders,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (1989), pp. 97–98.

6. Richard Conniff, “The Political History of Cap and Trade,” Smithsonian, August 2009 (Canadian prime minster).

7. Interview with C. Boyden Gray; Bruce A. Ackerman and Richard B. Stewart, “Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Market Incentives,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 171, no. 3 (1988).

8. Interviews with Fred Krupp and C. Boyden Gray.

9. Kathy McCauley, Bruce Barron, and Morton Coleman, Crossing the Aisle to Cleaner Air: How the Bipartisan “Project 88” Transformed Environmental Policy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2008), p. 25 (“totally different concept”); Robert N. Stavins, “What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 3 (1998), p. 74 (“ decision-making”).

10. Joseph Goffman and Daniel J. Dudek, “The Clean Air Act Acid Rain Program: Lessons for Success in Creating a New Paradigm,” presentation, 88thAnnual Meeting, Air & Waste Management Association, June 18–23, 1995, pp. 5, 7, 9. Догадывались ли Гоффман с Дудеком об этом или нет, но они проводили идеи «ученого писаки». На деле это повторение сути исторической статьи Фридриха фон Хайека, датированной 1945 г., об использовании знаний в обществе: о том, что рассредоточенный рынок с множеством лиц, принимающих решения, который координируется системой ценообразования, оказывается лучше информированным, действует и обновляется быстрее, чем централизованно управляемая экономика. См. Frederich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (1945), pp. 519–30.

11. Stavins, “What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment?” p. 69.

12. Environmental Protection Agency, “Acid Rain and Related Programs: 2008 Highlights,” December 2009; Environmental Defense Fund, “The Cap and Trade Success Story,” February 12, 2007; Lauraine G. Chestnut and David M. Mills, “A Fresh Look at the Benefits and Costs of the U. S. Acid Rain Program,” Journal of Environmental Management 77 (2005), pp. 252–66.

13. A. Denny Ellerman, Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalensee, Juan-Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth M. Bailey, Markets for Clean Air: The U. S. Acid Rain Program (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 314 (“impossible to believe”); interview with Joseph Goffman; Fred Krupp, “The Making of a Market-Minded Environmentalist,” Strategy + Business 51 (2008), pp. 1–7.

14. Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 87–89, 112–13 (“best estimated”); Richard A. Kerr, “It’s Official: Humans Are Behind Most of Global Warming,” Science 291, no. 5504 (2001), p. 566.

15. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 108, 139.

16. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 137, 182, 196 (“lacked the scientific knowledge”); Richard S. Linzden, “Taking Greenhouse Warming Seriously,” Energy and Environment 18, no. 7–8 (2007), pp. 937–50 (“iconic claim”).

17. Interview.

18. Interviews with Stuart Eizenstat, David Sandalow, and Joseph Goffman.

19. Interview with Stuart Eizenstat.

20. Interview with Chuck Hagel.

21. Krupp, “The Making of a Market-Minded Environmentalist,” pp. 1–7 (policies and measures); interview with Stuart Eizenstat (“three issues”).

22. Interview with Stuart Eizenstat.

23. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 151, 159.

24. Interviews with Chuck Hagel and others.